Which statement best describes the role of lifestyle factors in non-communicable diseases?

• A. They have no impact on risk.
• B. They are the sole determinants of risk.
• C. They are major modifiable risk factors (e.g., smoking, obesity, sedentary behavior).
• D. They only affect infectious disease risk.

Answer: (C)

Lifestyle choices are central to non-communicable diseases because behavior and environment largely shape risk. Many NCDs such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and several cancers are strongly linked to modifiable factors like smoking, excess weight, and physical inactivity. That’s why describing these factors as major modifiable risks best captures their impact: they are substantial influences on disease development, and they can be changed to reduce risk. These factors do not have no effect, they are not the only determinants, and they do not only affect infectious diseases. Focusing on reducing tobacco use, achieving a healthy weight, and increasing physical activity illustrates how lifestyle changes can lower the burden of NCDs.